Anthropometric Characteristics, Handgrip Strength, and Upper Limb Asymmetries in Highly Trained Chilean Shot Put Para-Athletes / Características Antropométricas, Fuerza de Prensión Manual y Asimetrías de Miembros Superiores en Para-Atletas Chilenos de Lanzamiento de Bala Altamente Entrenados

SUMMARY: Anthropometric characteristics, including body size, shape, and composition, can have a significant impact on sports performance due to their influence on various physiological and biomechanical factors. However, limited research has been conducted on the anthropometric characteristics of highly trained throwing para-athletes. The purpose of this study was to describe the anthropometric characteristics, handgrip strength, and upper limb bilateral asymmetries of highly trained Chilean shot put para-throwers. Five male Chilean shot put para-athletes (average age of 38.8 ± 7.7 years) were assessed for their anthropometric characteristics, including skinfold thickness at six anatomical sites, girth at five sites, and bone breadth at two sites. Handgrip strength and bilateral asymmetries were also measured. The body mass and height of the athletes were found to be 90.5 ± 5.1 kg and 179.1 ± 8.9 cm, respectively. The athletes were found to have an endo-mesomorph somatotype (4.4-6.9-1.0) with high levels of fat mass (25.7 ± 2.8 %) and skeletal muscle mass (39.1 ± 3.7 %). The handgrip strength of the athletes was found to be 66.4 ± 6.7 kg with a bilateral asymmetry of 6.5 ± 6.2 %, with the dominant hand showing greater strength. The results indicate that the shot put para-athletes have a somatotype characterized by increased muscularity and body fat, along with a considerable stature. Although handgrip strength was found to be high, the athletes showed bilateral asymmetry, which requires further investigation to determine the cause and implications.

Las características antropométricas, incluido el tamaño, forma y composición del cuerpo, pueden tener un impacto significativo en el rendimiento deportivo debido a su influencia en diversos factores fisiológicos y biomecánicos. Sin embargo, las investigaciones sobre las características antropométricas para-atletas de lanzamiento altamente entrenados son limitadas. El propósito de este estudio fue describir las características antropométricas, la fuerza de prensión manual y las asimetrías bilaterales de miembros superiores de paralanzadores chilenos altamente entrenados en lanzamiento de la bala. Se evaluaron las características antropométricas de cinco atletas masculinos chilenos de lanzamiento de bala (edad promedio de 38,8 ± 7,7 años), incluido el grosor de los pliegues cutáneos en seis sitios anatómicos, la circunferencia en cinco sitios y la anchura de los huesos en dos sitios. También se midieron la fuerza de prensión manual y las asimetrías bilaterales. Se encontró que la masa corporal y la altura de los atletas eran 90,5 ± 5,1 kg y 179,1 ± 8,9 cm, respectivamente. Los atletas tenían un somatotipo endo-mesomorfo (4.4-6.9-1.0) con altos niveles de masa grasa (25.7 ± 2.8 %) y masa muscular esquelética (39.1 ± 3.7 %). Se encontró además que la fuerza de prensión manual de los atletas era de 66,4 ± 6,7 kg con una asimetría bilateral de 6,5 ± 6,2 %, mostrando mayor fuerza la mano dominante. Los resultados indican que los atletas de lanzamiento de bala tienen un somatotipo caracterizado por una mayor musculatura y grasa corporal, junto con una estatura considerable. Aunque se encontró que la fuerza de agarre era alta, los atletas mostraron asimetría bilateral, lo que requiere de más investigaciones para determinar las causa e implicaciones.

Anthropometric profile and body composition of the Mexican olympic beach volleyball team / Perfil antropométrico y composición corporal de la selección olímpica mexicana de voleibol de playa

SUMMARY: The present research corresponds to a cross-sectional descriptive study in the anthropometric field, which allows coaches to develop standards to identify talent and optimize training in the discipline of beach volleyball. Its objective was to define the anthropometric profile and body composition of the Mexican Olympic beach volleyball teams in both sexes. The participants were couples one and two of Mexico in both sexes (defined by FIVB ranking), 4 women and 4 men with average age of 30.25±6.85 and 27.25±7.36 years. The technique used was Heath-Carter´s somatotype method and the anthropometric profile restricted ISAK protocol. Among the findings resulting from the research, unification can be observed in the male morphological characteristics (triceps skinfold, front thigh skinfold, calf skinfold, circumference of relaxed and contracted arm, waist, hip, femur diameter and BMI), as for the somatotype, both sexes of Mexican couples are positioned in mesomorphs-balanced. In relation to other studies consulted, balance in somatotype and muscular development is observed with high performance teams. Weight and height, as well as age, are important variables for the selection of talent and future optimal performance in world and professional volleyball.

La presente investigación corresponde a un estudio descriptivo transversal en el campo antropométrico, que permite a los entrenadores desarrollar estándares para identificar talentos y optimizar el entrenamiento en la disciplina de voleibol de playa. Su objetivo fue definir el perfil antropométrico y la composición corporal de las selecciones olímpicas mexicanas de voleibol de playa en ambos géneros. Los participantes fueron las parejas uno y dos de México en ambos géneros (definidos por ranking Fédération Internationale de Volleyball), 4 mujeres y 4 hombres con edad promedio de 30.25±6.85 y 27.25±7.36 años. La técnica utilizada fue el método del somatotipo de Heath-Carter y el protoolo ISAK del perfil antropométrico restringido. Entre los hallazgos resultantes de la investigación, se puede observar una unificación en las carácteristicas morfológicas masculinas (pliegue cuatáneotricipital, pliegue cutáneo anterior del muslo, pliegue citáneo de la pantorrila, circunferencia del brazo relajado y contraído, cintura, cadera, diámetro del fémur e IMC), en cuanto al somatotipo, ambos sexos de las parejas mexicanas se posicionan en mesomorfos-equilibrados. En relación a otros estudios consultados, se observa equilibrio en somatotipo y desarrollo muscular con equipos de alto rendimiento. El peso y la altura, así como la edad, son variables importantes para la selección del talento y en el futuro desempeño óptimo en el voleibol mundial y profesional.

Related factors of abnormal body posture among urban primary school students in Yinchuan / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the incidence and influencing factors of abnormal body posture among urban primary school students in Yinchuan City, and to provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of abnormal body posture.@*Methods@#A multi stage stratified cluster random sampling method was adopted to select 1 947 urban primary school students aged 7-12 years from 9 schools in Yinchuan City. Body Style(Model.S-8.0) instrument was used to screen abnormal body posture and questionnaire was designed to investigate related factors.@*Results@#The comprehensive body posture score of urban primary school students in Yinchuan City was(22.07±2.87), and the detection rate of abnormal posturing was 71.29%；which varied significantly by gender, age, body mass index (BMI)( χ 2=9.84, 13.47, 6.46, P <0.05). Specially, the rate of girls (73.54%) was higher than that of boys( 69.07 %); the abnormal rate of children aged 7-8(68.24%) was lower than that of 9-10(72.17%) and 11-12(73.54%); obese children (74.91%) was higher than that of overweight (72.64%) and normal weight children(70.28%). The high and low shoulders (40.73%), pelvis forward (39.39%) and X/O legs (38.57%) were the most common indicators of abnormal posture; the composition of the overall body posture abnormalities was higher in mild (54.32%) than moderate (37.82%) and severe (7.85%).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that girls( OR =1.23), being older(9-10 years old OR =1.89, 11-12 years old OR = 2.48 ), overweight ( OR =1.39) and obesity( OR =2.34), occasionally participate in physical exercise ( OR =2.96), exercise duration <30 minutes daily ( OR =2.77), video duration ≥2 h daily ( OR =2.84), almost no dairy products ( OR =1.79), almost no food Fish consumption ( OR =1.77), almost no vegetables ( OR =2.14), drinking carbonated beverages daily ( OR =2.97), and sleeping time <6 h daily ( OR =2.56) were the related factors of body posture development of urban primary school students( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#The abnormal body posture of urban primary school students in Yinchuan City is prevalent, which is related to the timely length of physical exercise, nutrition, video screen and sleep duration, and should be paid enough attention.

Anthropometric characteristics and physical activity level of Orienteers: a pilot study / Características antropométricas e nível de atividade física de Orientistas: um estudo piloto

Abstract The present study aimed to describe a study protocol for Orienteers' anthropometric characteristics and physical activity level. This is an individualized, observation and cross-sectional pilot study, that has encompassed three Orienteers (2 Portuguese men and 1 Spanish woman) with mean age 22.6 ± 3.78 years and 8.0 ± 2.64 consecutive years of Orientation practice. In total, 26 anthropometric variables were assessed: four basic measurements, nine skinfolds, nine girths and four breadths; Body Mass Index was calculated, as well as body composition and somatotype (according to the Heath-Carter method). The International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form was used to obtain the score expressed as metabolic equivalent and the energy expenditure in kilocalories, both during the reference week. Mean somatotype recorded for Orienteering athletes could be defined as balanced mesomorph. Scores recorded for different physical activity/ inactivity expressed domains have shown high-energy expenditure. Sports Science Professionals can use the herein proposed protocol to improve Orienteers' training.

Resumo Objetivou-se descrever um protocolo de estudo das características antropométricas e do nível de atividade física de Orientistas. Trata-se de um estudo piloto, caracterizado como individualizado, observacional e transversal. Participaram do estudo três Orientistas (2 homens Portugueses e 1 mulher Espanhola) com 22,6 ± 3,78 anos de idade e 8,0 ± 2,64 anos de prática consecutiva de Orientação. Foram avaliadas 26 variáveis antropométricas: quatro medidas básicas, nove dobras cutâneas, nove circunferências e quatro diâmetros ósseos; Índice de Massa Corporal foi calculado, bem como a composição corporal e o somatotipo (de acordo com o método Heath-Carter). O Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física, versão curta e auto-administrado, foi utilizado para obter a pontuação expressa como equivalente metabólico e o dispêndio energético em quilocalorias, ambos durante a semana de referência. A média do somatotipo dos atletas de Orientação pode ser definida como mesomorfo balanceado. As pontuações dos diferentes domínios da atividade física/ inatividade expressas, demonstraram um elevado dispêndio energético. Profissionais das Ciências do Esporte podem usar o protocolo proposto para melhor controle do treinamento de Orientistas.

Research advances in lean nonalcoholic fatty liver disease / 临床肝胆病杂志

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） is currently the main cause of chronic liver disease worldwide， and it can progress to hepatitis， liver fibrosis， liver cirrhosis， and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Although obesity plays a key role in the development of NAFLD， more and more studies have confirmed that NAFLD still exists in lean individuals， and lean NAFLD is associated with an increased risk of death and accelerated disease progression. Therefore， lean NAFLD also deserves careful evaluation and follow-up； however， we still know little about the pathophysiological mechanism of lean NAFLD. This article reviews the etiology， diagnosis， treatment， and prognosis of lean NAFLD.

Correlations between physical activity, sedentary behavior and physical posture disorders in primary school students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore correlations between physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB) and physical posture disorders in primary school students, and to provide reference for the prevention and correction of adverse body posture in this group.@*Methods@#From September to December 2020, 206 children from 4 primary schools in Chaoyang District of Beijing were selected by multistage stratified cluster random sampling method. Body posture and PA were assessed using a body posture tester and a triaxial accelerometer. Children s Leisure Activity Questionnaire was used to investigate SB.@*Results@#The detection rate of abnormal body posture in primary school students was 76.70%. PA showed positive assocation with high and low shoulder, X/O leg, pelvis forward, spine curvature and comprehensive evaluation ( β =0.17, 0.21, 0.19, 0.24, 0.19, P <0.05). SB had significant negative linear correlation with high and low shoulder, X/O leg,pelvis forward, spine curvature and comprehensive evaluation ( β = -0.24 , -0.22, -0.36, -0.24, -0.27, P <0.05). In the combination analysis, children with high PA plus low SB ( OR=2.12, 95%CI= 1.46-3.37, P <0.05) and children with low PA plus high SB had the highest and lowest advantages of qualified rate of body posture assessment,respectively. Compare with low SB and low PA( OR=1.71, 95%CI=1.41-2.74, P <0.05), high PA and high SB ( OR=1.85, 95%CI=1.38-2.86, P <0.05) had higher qualified rate of body posture assessment.@*Conclusion@#Physical activity shows positive effects on physical posture while sedentary behavior shows negative effects on physical posture. The combination of PA and SB has a counteracting or synergistic interaction effect.

Perfil morfológico en levantadores de pesas federados de la región de Valparaíso, Chile / Morphological profile of federated weightlifters from the Valparaiso region, Chile

Introducción: En la halterofilia los perfiles antropométricos permiten una mejor planificación y ejecución del entrenamiento deportivo. Objetivo: Describir y comparar según sexo, el perfil antropométrico y somatotipo de levantadores de pesas federados de la región de Valparaíso, Chile. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal. Participaron 40 adultos levantadores de pesas. La evaluación antropométrica fue realizada utilizando el protocolo de medición y marcaje de la Sociedad Internacional de Avances en Cineantropometría, método pentacompartimental de Ross y Kerr y somatotipo de Heath-Carter. Se aplicó la T de Student para muestras independientes y U Mann-Whitney para comparar características antropométricas entre grupos. El poder estadístico y el tamaño efecto se calculó con "d" de Cohen. Resultados: Existen diferencias significativas entre grupos, para masa muscular relativa (p=0,003; d=0,96) y absoluta (p≤;0,001; d=2,42); masa adiposa relativa (p≤0,001; d=1,46); masa ósea absoluta (p≤0,001; d=1,41); masa piel relativa (p≤0,001; d=1,96) y absoluta (p≤0,001; d=0,97); masa residual relativa (p=0,006; d=1,08) y absoluta (p≤0,001; d=2,09), mientras que la distribución del somatotipo clasifica al grupo masculino como Endo-Mesomorfo y al femenino como Mesomorfo-Endomorfo, observando diferencias significativas en el mesomorfismo (p≤;0,001; d=1,48). Conclusiones: Existe un predominio del somatotipo mesomórfico, existiendo diferencias significativas en los componentes de composición corporal.

Introduction: Anthropometric profiles allow better planning and execution of sports training in weightlifting. Objective: To describe and compare, according to gender, the anthropometric profile and somatotype of federated weightlifters from the Valparaiso region of Chile. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study that included 40 adult weightlifters. The anthropometric assessment was carried out using the measurement and marking protocol of the International Society for Advances in Kinanthropometry, Ross and Kerr pentacompartmental method, and Heath-Carter somatotype. A Student's t test was applied for independent samples and U Mann-Whitney was used to compare anthropometric characteristics between groups. The statistical power and effect size were calculated using Cohen's "d". Results: There are significant differences between groups for: relative (p=0.003; d=0.96) and absolute (p≤0.001; d=2.42) muscle mass; relative fat mass (p≤0.001; d=1.46); absolute bone mass (p≤0.001; d=1.41); relative (p≤0.001; d=1.96) and absolute (p≤0.001; d=0.97) skin mass; relative (p=0.006; d=1.08) and absolute (p≤0.001; d=2.09) residual mass. Based on the somatotype distribution, the male and female groups were classified as Endo-Mesomorph and Mesomorph-Endomorph, respectively, which showed significant differences in mesomorphism (p≤0.001; d=1.48). Conclusions: There is a predominance of the mesomorphic somatotype, with significant differences in the components of the body composition.

Effects of isotonic muscle exercise on body shape and neck-shoulder muscle activity of college students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#The purpose of this study was to investigate effects two kinds of isotonic muscle contraction training on muscle body shape and neck-shoulder muscle activity among college students with physical inactivity and poor body posture, to provide appropriate exercise options for these college students.@*Methods@#Thirty subjects with typical sedentary behavior and upper-cross syndrome were randomly divided into no load isotonic training(IT),resistance isotonic training(RIT) and health education control(C) groups. Two training groups were trained for 12 weeks. All subjects were tested their heath-carter anthropometric somatotype,cervical spine angle,range of cervical spine extending and scapula adduction,surface electromyography data of neck and shoulder musle activity were measured before/after training.@*Results@#After training,three factors value in IT, RIT, C groups were[(3.68±1.01)(5.68±1.05)(3.17±0.54)，(2.84±0.84)(5.87±1.45)(1.34±0.10)，(3.82±0.18)(4.83±1.03)(3.30±0.22)] respectively. After training,cervical spine angles were(32.70±9.20)(20.78±2.24)(11.24±3.21)°; extending angles of cervical spine were(3.21±1.82)(2.24±0.60)(1.24±0.01)°; ranges of scapula adduction were(3.44±1.28)(3.08±1.35)(6.08±1.57)cm in IT, RIT, C groups respectively. Three parameters in two training groups significantly increased(F=8.43, 7.29, 8.04, P<0.05). Antagonistic muscle coactivation in neck and shoulder in three groups were(0.11±0.01) and(0.34±0.02)(0.31±0.01) and(0.56±0.03)(0.36±0.11) and(0.69±0.04) respectively,which significantly decreased in two training groups(F=27.39,5.45,P<0.05). There were more obviously changes of neck and shoulder musclebone system in IT group(P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Musculoskeletal system improved while body fat reduced after resistance isotonic training. No load isotonic training was more superior in adjusting and correctingg upper-crossed syndrome posture than resistance isotonic training. College students with sedentary behavior and upper-cross syndrome can choose no load isotonic training preliminarily for muscle strength and concordance increasing before adding load.

Predictive effect of somatotype cognitive deviation on dieting tendency in female college students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#BMI-based Silhouette Matching Test was used to quantify body image perception and expectation perception of female college students, and to investigate the predictive effect of body image perception deviation on dieting tendency. so as to provide evidence for further intervention measures.@*Methods@#A total of 579 female college students from 5 classes in two normal universities in Chongqing were conveniently sampled, and a questionnaire survey was conducted among the female college students. Multivariate stepwise regression was used to analyze the predictors of dieting tendency.@*Results@#About 41.62% of female college students had deviation between subjective somatotype perception and actual somatotype, and 81.69%(473) of female college students had deviation in their somatotype expectation after quantification. The degree of cognitive deviation of somatotype expectation was negatively correlated with eating behavior and positively correlated with dieting tendency(r=-0.10, 0.36, P<0.05). Dieting tendency was positively correlated with BMI and negatively correlated with eating behavior(r=0.14, -0.18, P<0.05). The degree of cognitive deviation of somatotype expectation, eating behavior, BMI, eating health awareness, and grade all had predictive effects on dieting tendency. The multivariate correlation coefficient between the five predictive variables and dieting tendency was 0.43, and the determination coefficient was 0.18. The overall test value of the regression model was 4.24(P=0.04). The five predictive variables accounted for 18.1% of the dieting tendency, among which the most powerful was the degree of cognitive deviation in somatotype expectation, which accounted for 12.9% of the variance.@*Conclusion@#There is a general deviation in female college students’ cognition of somatotype, mainly because they expect to be thinner. Irrational expectations of somatotype will lead to poor diet and even dieting behaviors, which will seriously affect their physical and mental health. Targeted intervention measures should be taken.

Follow-up study on height growth of preschool children with different stable physique / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the characteristic of height growth among preschool children with normal physique, overweight and obese, and in order to provide basis for proper physical growth intervention of preschool children.@*Methods@#Cluster sampling method was used and preschool children of kindergartens in 7 cities were selected, height and weight was measured, the information of birth date and sex were collected by parents’ questionnaires. The "WHO Child Growth Standards" was used for evaluate children’s height and body mass index. ANOVA analysis and Wilcoxon rank sum test were used for statistic analysis.@*Results@#There were 2 479 children who were normal weight, overweight and obese at baseline and were followed up for 2 years. The detection rate of <P25 height decreased by years(12.08%, 3.70%, 2.21%), and ≥P75 height evaluation increased among children with different physique(35.20%, 55.56%, 73.48%). Compared with normal weight children, overweight and obese children had higher average height, annual height growth value, detection rate of annual height growth value greater than 7 cm, detection rate of ≥P75 height and height annual increase rate.@*Conclusion@#Parents and practitioners in MCH should pay attention to the children’s height growth, especially on overweight and obese children. More in-depth research are needed to explore the relationship between children’s height and physique.

Características de la estructura corporal, hábitos dietéticos y función renal a través de la vida, de personas saludables de clase media entre los 20 y 80 años de edad de Lima / Body features, dietary habits and renal function of healthy middle class people between 20 and 80 years of age in Lima

Objetivos: Describir los cambios en el agua corporal, masa magra, contenido de grasa, aclaramiento de creatinina y urea y características dietéticas de personas saludables en Lima-Perú. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron personas de sexo y edades entre 20 y 80 años, comparables con Índice Masa Corporal normal, autosuficientes, calidad de vida satisfactoria y sin enfermedad crónica. Se midieron los datos estructurales con Bioimpedancia. La función renal se determinó mediante la creatinina y urea en sangre y el aclaramiento de creatinina y de urea. Las características dietéticas se infirieron de la medición de urea, sodio y potasio en la misma muestra de orina. Resultados: Hubo diferencia significativa en: agua corporal, grasa, masa magra, creatinina (sérica y urinaria) y urea sérica entre sexos. La masa magra se relacionó directamente con el agua corporal (r=0,81; p=0,000 en hombres y r=0,465; p=0,000 en mujeres) e inversamente con la grasa. En el análisis de regresión lineal multivariado, únicamente la masa magra, grasa y agua corporal mostraron significancia estadística con la edad, pero los cambios de estas variables difirieron entre hombres y mujeres. La creatinina y urea sérica no cambiaron con la edad, pero sí el aclaramiento de ambas. El aclaramiento de urea tuvo regresión lineal en hombres y cúbica en las mujeres. Hubo correlación negativa entre edad e ingesta proteica en hombres (r=-0,594; p=0,006), sal sódica (r=-0,451; p=0,021) y potasio (r=-0,443; p=0,023) en mujeres. Conclusiones: La estructura corporal, filtración glomerular y hábitos dietéticos cambian con la edad en nuestra población normal, pero con características diferentes entre hombres y mujeres. (AU)

Objectives: To describe changes in body water, lean body mass, fatty content, creatinine and urea clearance and dietary habits of healthy persons in Lima. Methods: Persons of both sexes between 20 and 80 years with normal body mass index, self-sufficient, with satisfactory quality of life and without chronic renal disease were included in the study. Electric bio impedance was used to get body structural data. Renal function was measured with creatinine clearance, serum creatinine and urea. Dietary features were inferred from urea, sodium and potassium measurements from a urine sample. Results: A statistical significant difference in sexes was found for body water, fatty content, lean body mass, creatinine (in serum and urine) and urea. Lean body mass was directly correlated with body water (r=0.81; p=0.000 in males and r=0.465; p=0.000 in females) and inversely correlated with fatty content. The multivariate lineal regression analysis only found correlation of lean body mass, fatty content and body water with age, but changes in these variables differed between males and females. Serum urea and creatinine did not change with age, but the clearance of both of them did it. Urea clearance showed linear correlation in males but cubic in females. A negative correlation between age and protein intake was observed (r=-0.594; p=0.006), sodium salt (r=-0.451; p=0.021) and with potassium in females. Conclusions: Body structure, glomerular filtration and dietary habits change with age in our healthy population but with differences by sex. (AU)

Perfil morfológico de jugadoras profesionales de fútbol en Chile / Morphological Profile of Female Professional Soccer Players in Chile

Fundamentos: En deportes colectivos como el fútbol, el conocimiento de los perfiles de los jugadores puede permitir una mejor selección y entrenamiento. El fútbol femenino, si bien comenzó en los años 70, solo en las últimas décadas ha tenido un desarrollo profesional considerable.Objetivo: describir el perfil antropométrico y somatotipo de futbolistas mujeres.Métodos: estudio descriptivo, que consistió en evaluar a 72 jugadoras del sexo femenino, pertenecientes a la Federación Chilena de Fútbol Femenino. Para la obtención y análisis del perfil morfológico de estas, se midió masa corporal, estatura de pie, estatura sentado, sumatoria de seis pliegues cutáneos y sumatoria de ocho pliegues cutáneos, según el protocolo de marcaje y medición de la Sociedad Internacional para el Desarrollo de la Cineantropometría. También fueron calculados los tres componentes del somatotipo de Heath-Carter por cada posición de juego.Resultados: no se encontraron diferencias significativas a nivel de masa corporal, estura, sumatoria de seis y ocho pliegues, pero sí en la variable estatura sentado (p<0,05). No hubo diferencias significativas a niveles absolutos y relativos de masa muscular y adiposa, pero sí en la masa ósea relativa (p<0,05). El 66,7 % de las jugadoras presentó un mesomorfismo como componente principal.Conclusión: en todas las categorías predominó el somatotipo mesomórfico, y existen diferencias significativas en la composición corporal entre categorías, por ello sería importante considerar estrategias específicas para cada una de ellas a fin de optimizar el rendimiento deportivo de las atletas.

Foundation: In team sports as soccer, knowing the player´s profiles may allow a better choice and training. Female soccer, even though it started in the 70´s, only in the last decades it has had a considerable development.Objective: to describe the anthropometric and somatotype of soccer female players.Methods: descriptive study which consisted on evaluating 72 female soccer players pertaining to the Chilean Female Soccer Federation. For obtaining and analyzing their morphologic profile, their body mass, standing height, sitting height, the total sum of six cutaneous folders and eight cutaneous folders were measured according to the protocol of marking and measuring of the International Society for developing Cineanthropometry. There were also calculated the three components of Health-Carter somatotype for each game position.Results: There were not found significant differences of body mass, height, total of six and eight cutaneous folders, there were in the variable sitting height (p<0,05). There were not significant differences at absolute and relative levels of adipose and body mass but there was in relative bone mass (p<0, 05). The 66, 7 % of the players showed a mesomorphism as the main component.Conclusion: Mesomorphic somatotype predominated in all categories and there are significant differences among categories. That is why it is necessary to consider specific strategies for each of them aiming at optimizing the athlete's sport output

Composição corporal e somatotipo de atletas da seleção brasileira de futebol de 5: equipe paralímpica Rio 2016 / Body composition and somatotype of athletes of Brazilian w5-a-side football team: Paralympic team Rio 2016

Resumo Introdução: O conhecimento das variáveis morfológicas na modalidade futebol de 5 é importante para orientar o treinamento e possibilitar a potencialidade máxima dos atletas. Objetivo: Analisar a composição corporal e o somatotipo de atletas da seleção brasileira paralímpica Rio 2016 de futebol de 5 nas diferentes posições táticas desempenhadas em jogo. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizada avaliação antropométrica em 15 atletas (24±5.6 anos) do sexo masculino, obtendo-se o somatotipo e a composição corporal. Resultados: O estudo não encontrou diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos para nenhuma das variáveis antropométricas e de composição corporal. Quanto ao perfil somatotípico, o grupo (2.9 - 5.5 - 1.8) foi classificado como meso-endomórfico. Os fixos (2.6 - 4.4 - 2.4) e pivôs (2.2 - 5.6 - 2.3) apresentaram o perfil mesomorfo balanceado e os goleiros (3.2 - 5.8 - 1.6) e alas (3.2 - 5.7 - 1.6) o meso-endomórfico. Conclusões: A equipe foi caraterizada como homogênea quanto à antropometria e composição corporal. Houve predominância do componente muscular para o perfil somatotípico na equipe e em todas as posições.

Abstract Introduction: The knowledge of morphological variables in paralympic 5-a-side football mode are important to guide the training and enable the full potential of athletes. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the body composition and somatotype athletes of the Brazilian Paralympics Rio 2016 team 5-a-side football in the different tactical positions performed at game. Materials and methods: An anthropometric evaluation was performed in 15 male athletes (24±5.6 years), obtaining somatotype and body composition. Results: The study found no statistically significant differences between groups for any of the anthropometric and body composition variables. As for somatotype profile, the group (2.9 - 5.5 - 1.8) was classified as meso-endomorphic. Defenders (2.6 - 4.4 - 2.4) and pivots (2.2 - 5.6 - 2.3) presented a balanced mesomorph profile and goalkeepers (3.2 - 5.8 - 1.6) and alas (3.2 - 5.7 - 1.6) the meso-endomorphic. Conclusions: The team was characterized as homogeneous as the anthropometry and body composition. There was a predominance of the muscular component to the somatotype profile on the team and in all positions.

SOMATÓTIPO E IMAGEM CORPORAL EM PESSOAS VIVENDO COM HIV/AIDS / SOMATOTYPE AND BODY IMAGE IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS / SOMATOTIPO E IMAGEN CORPORAL EN PERSONAS QUE VIVEN CON VIH/SIDA

RESUMO Introdução: A terapia antirretroviral de alta atividade (HAART) está associada ao surgimento de diversos efeitos adversos na população com HIV/Aids, dentre as quais, a lipodistrofia. Caracterizada pela reorganização anormal de gordura pelo corpo, é um dos efeitos mais relevantes, envolvendo riscos cardiometabólicos e prejuízos na imagem corporal. Objetivo: Analisar a somatotipia e a imagem corporal em pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por cinco mulheres (47,8 ± 6,53 anos) em uso da HAART e fisicamente ativas. Foi realizada uma intervenção com o treinamento concorrente e aconselhamento dietético e avaliou-se a conformação corporal pelo somatótipo e a imagem corporal pela escala de silhuetas. Resultados: Não houve diferença na classificação do somatótipo, entretanto, os resultados apontaram diferença significativa para a análise da distância de dispersão entre somatótipos (DDS) na 1ª semana (DDS = 2,63) e 16ª semana de intervenção (DDS = 2,96), quando avaliado pelas médias; e quando avaliado individualmente, verificou-se diferença significativa tanto na DDS quanto na distância espacial entre somatótipos (DES) nos casos 1, na 8ª semana (DDS = 3,20 e DES = 1,01) e 16.a semana (DDS = 2,73); e caso 3, na 1ª semana (DDS = 9,25 e DES = 1,44) e 16ª semana (DDS = 8,06 e DES = 1,37). Quanto à imagem corporal, observou-se a aproximação da imagem atual à imagem ideal (imagem atual inicial = 6; imagem atual final = 5; e imagem ideal inicial e final = 3). Conclusão: O programa de treinamento concorrente associado à orientação nutricional produziu resultados positivos tanto no somatótipo quanto na percepção da imagem corporal das participantes, comprovando sua eficácia no controle da lipodistrofia e na satisfação da imagem corporal do grupo avaliado.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is associated with the emergence of many adverse effects on the population with HIV/Aids, one of which is lipodystrophy. Characterized by abnormal fat reorganization throughout the body, it is one of the most significant effects, involving cardiometabolic risks and impaired body image. Objective: To analyze the somatotype and body image of people living with HIV/AIDS. Methods: The sample consisted of five women (47.8 ± 6.53 years), physically active and in use of HAART. An intervention with concurrent training and dietary counseling was performed, evaluating body shape by somatotype and body image by the scale of silhouettes. Results: There was no difference in the classification of somatotype, however, the results showed a significant difference for the analysis of dispersal distance between somatotypes (DDS) in the 1st week (DDS = 2.63) and 16th week of intervention (DDS = 2.96) when evaluated by means; when evaluated individually, there was a significant difference both in DDS and in spatial distance between somatotypes (DES) in case 1, in the 8th week (DDS = 3.20 and DES = 1.01) and 16th week (DDS = 2.73); and case 3, in the 1st week (DDS = 9.25 and DES = 1.44) and 16th week (DDS = 8.06 and DES = 1.37). In relation to body image, it was observed that the actual image is closer to the ideal image (initial actual image = 6; final actual image = 5, and initial and final ideal Image = 3). Conclusion: The concurrent training program, associated with nutritional counseling, produced positive results in both somatotype and body image perception of the participants, proving its effectiveness in controlling lipodystrophy and improving the body image satisfaction of the evaluated group.

RESUMEN Introducción: La terapia antirretroviral altamente activa (HAART) se asocia con la aparición de muchos efectos adversos sobre la población con VIH/SIDA, entre ellos la lipodistrofia. Caracterizada por la reorganización anormal de grasa por el cuerpo, es uno de los efectos más significativos que implica riesgos cardiometabólicos y pérdidas en la imagen corporal. Objetivo: Analizar el somatotipo y la imagen del cuerpo en las personas que viven con el VIH/SIDA. Métodos: La muestra estuvo constituida por cinco mujeres (47,8 ± 6,53 años) en uso de HAART y físicamente activas. Una intervención se realizó con el entrenamiento concurrente y asesoramiento dietético y fueran evaluadas la conformación del cuerpo pelo somatotipo y la imagen corporal por la escala de siluetas. Resultados: No hubo diferencias en la clasificación del somatotipo, sin embargo, los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas para el análisis de la distancia de dispersión entre somatotipos (DDS) en la 1a semana (DDS = 2,63) y 16a semana de la intervención (DDS = 2,96), cuando se evaluado por los promedios; y cuando se evaluó de forma individual, se encontró diferencia significativa tanto en el DDS como en la distancia espacial entre somatotipos (DES), en los casos 1, en la 8a semana (DDS = 3,20 y DES = 1,01) y 16a semana (DDS = 2,73); y caso 3 en la 1a semana (DDS = 9,25 y = DES 1,44) y 16a semana (DDS = 8,06 y = DES 1,37). Con relación a la imagen del cuerpo, se observó la aproximación de la imagen actual con la imagen ideal (imagen actual inicial = 6; imagen actual final = 5, E imagen ideal inicial y final = 3). Conclusión: El programa de entrenamiento concurrente asociado con orientación nutricional ha producido resultados positivos tanto en el somatotipo como en la percepción de la imagen corporal de las participantes, lo que demuestra su eficacia en el control de la lipodistrofia y en la satisfacción de la imagen corporal del grupo evaluado.

Somatotipo, fatores de risco e razão cintura-estatura em indivíduos fisicamente ativos / Somatotypes, risk factors and waist-height ratio in physically active individuals / Somatotipo, factores de riesgo y razón cintura-estatura en individuos físicamente activos

INTRODUÇÃO: A relação entre o tipo físico e o risco cardiovascular vem sendo estudada em diversas populações do mundo. No Brasil, estudos que avaliam esta relação são escassos, principalmente quando se trata de indivíduos que praticam atividades físicas. Objetivo: Analisar a relação do somatotipo com fatores de risco cardiovascular e razão cintura-estatura (RCEst) em praticantes de atividade física.MÉTODOS: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva com delineamento transversal. A amostra foi constituída por 280 sujeitos, usuários da pista de Cooper da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, na cidade de Recife, PE, Brasil. Para identificação do nível de atividade física, utilizou-se a versão curta do International Physical Activity Questionnaire(IPAQ). Os indivíduos classificados como muito ativos, ativos ou irregularmente ativos A ou B, foram incluídos na amostra. Excluíram-se os sujeitos inativos fisicamente. O somatotipo foi estimado através do protocolo antropométrico de Carter e Heath (1990). Determinaram-se como fatores de risco cardiovascular o tabagismo, o consumo de bebida alcoólica e a pressão arterial (PA). Empregou-se a estatística descritiva para caracterização da amostra, em seguida, utilizou-se a Análise de Variância Multivariada (MANOVA), com nível de significância de p < 0,05.RESULTADOS: Não foi identificada relação significativa para as variáveis tabagismo e consumo de bebida alcoólica. Na análise da PA (Pillai's trace = 0,082; F = 8,187; p < 0,05) e da RCEst (Pillai's trace = 0,298; F = 39,081; p < 0,05), verificou-se significância estatística com o somatotipo.CONCLUSÃO: O tipo físico foi positivo e significativamente relacionado com a PA e com a RCEst, demonstrando que esse indicador antropométrico pode ser utilizado para predizer precocemente o risco de desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares.

INTRODUCTION: The relationship between physical type and cardiovascular risk has been studied in several populations worldwide. In Brazil, studies evaluating this relationship are scarce, especially when physically active individuals are concerned. Objective: To analyze the relationship of the somatotype with cardiovascular risk factors and waist-height ratio (WHtR) in physically active individuals.METHODS: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 280 individuals, users of the jogging track at the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE) in Recife, PE, Brazil. To identify the level of physical activity, we used the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Individuals classified as very active, active or irregularly active A or B were included in the sample. Physically inactive individuals were excluded from the analysis. The somatotype was estimated by the anthropometric protocol proposed by Carter and Heath (1990). We determined as cardiovascular risk factors smoking, alcohol consumption, and blood pressure (BP). We used descriptive statistics to characterize the sample, and then used a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with a significance level of p<0.05.RESULTS: No significant relationship for the variables smoking and alcohol consumption. In the analysis of BP (Pillai's trace = 0.082; F=8.187; p<0.05) and WHtR (Pillai's trace = 0.298; F=39.081; p<0.05) there was statistical significance for the somatotype.CONCLUSIONS: The physical type was positive and significantly related to BP and WHtR, showing that this anthropometric indicator can be used for early prediction of the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La relación entre el tipo de cuerpo y el riesgo cardiovascular, se ha estudiado en varias poblaciones de todo el mundo. En Brasil, los estudios de evaluación de esta relación son escasos, sobre todo cuando se trata de personas que practican actividades físicas. Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre el somatotipo y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, y la razón cintura-estatura (RCEst) en practicantes de actividad física.MÉTODOS: Se trata de un diseño transversal descriptivo. La muestra consistió en 280 sujetos, usuarios de una pista de Cooper de la Universidad Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil. Para identificar el nivel de actividad física, se utilizó la versión corta del Internacional Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Los individuos clasificados como muy activos, activos o irregularmente activos A o B se incluyeron en la muestra. Se excluyeron los sujetos físicamente inactivos. El somatotipo se estimó mediante el protocolo antropométrico de Carter y Heath (1990). Se determinaron como factores de riesgo cardiovascular el tabaquismo, el consumo de alcohol y la presión arterial (PA). Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para caracterización de la muestra y luego se utilizó el análisis multivariado de varianza (MANOVA), con un nivel de significación de p < 0,05.RESULTADOS: Ninguna relación significativa fue identificada para las variables tabaquismo y consumo de alcohol. En el análisis de la PA (Pillai's trace = 0,082; F = 8,187; p < 0,05) y RCEst (Pillai's trace = 0,298; F = 39,081; p < 0,05), se verifico una significación estadística para el somatotipo.CONCLUSIONES: El tipo físico fue positivo y significativamente relacionado con la PA y la RCEst, demostrando que este indicador antropométrico puede ser utilizado para predecir precozmente el riesgo de desarrollar enfermedad cardiovascular.

Impacto do destreinamento na antropometria de adolescentes pentatletas / Impact of detraining on anthropometry of adolescent pentathletes / Impacto del desentrenamiento en la antropometría de adolescentes pentatletas

INTRODUÇÃO: A caracterização do perfil antropométrico ao fim da fase de treinamento competitivo e após o destreinamento decorrente da fase de transição pode auxiliar a elaboração de estratégias que beneficiem pentatletas adolescentes no retorno ao treinamento. OBJETIVO: Analisar o impacto do destreinamento, originado pela fase de transição, na antropometria de adolescentes pentatletas. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 16 meninos (15,12 ± 1,77 anos) e 10 meninas (14,57 ± 2,40 anos) praticantes de pentatlo moderno. A adesão à dieta específica no período de destreinamento foi avaliada por profissionais especializados. No fim das fases competitivas e de transição, foram avaliadas a maturação sexual e as variáveis antropométricas. RESULTADOS: Valores percentuais demonstram que meninas tendem a aderir mais à dieta do que meninos. Diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) entre os períodos foram observadas somente no sexo masculino, nas variáveis massa corporal (0,003), estatura (0,000), somatório de dobras cutâneas (0,033) e na mesomorfia (0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A massa corporal, o somatório de dobras cutâneas e a mesomorfia parecem ter sofrido impacto negativo do destreinamento. O aumento da estatura parece estar associado ao pico de velocidade da estatura. Em meninas, a tendência de aderirem mais à dieta pode ter contribuído para a não identificação de alterações antropométricas. .

INTRODUCTION: The characterization of the anthropometric profile at the end of competitive training phase and after detraining due to the transition phase can aid the development of strategies that benefit adolescent pentathletes on return to training. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of detraining caused by the transition phase on anthropometry of adolescent pentathletes. METHODS: The sample consisted of 16 male adolescents (15.2 ± 1.77 years) and 10 female adolescents (14.57 ± 2.40 years), all practitioners of modern pentathlon. The adherence to specific diet in the detraining period was evaluated by specialized professionals. At the end of competitive and transition phases, sexual maturation and anthropometric variables were evaluated. RESULTS: Percentages show that female adolescents tend to adhere more to the diet than male adolescents. Significant differences (p<0.05) between periods were observed only in males in the following variables: body mass (0.003), height (0.000), sum of skinfolds (0.033) and mesomorphy (0.001). CONCLUSION: Body mass, sum of skinfolds and mesomorphy appear to have suffered negative impact of detraining. The increase in height is associated to the peak height velocity. In females, the trend to follow the diet more strictly may have contributed to the failure to identify anthropometric changes. .

INTRODUCCIÓN: La caracterización del perfil antropométrico al fin de la fase de entrenamiento competitivo y después del desentrenamiento proveniente de la fase de transición puede auxiliar en la elaboración de estrategias que beneficien a pentatletas adolescentes en el retorno al entrenamiento. OBJETIVO: Analizar el impacto del desentrenamiento, originado por la fase de transición, en la antropometría de adolescentes pentatletas. MÉTODOS: La muestra fue compuesta por 16 niños (15,12 ± 1,77 años) y 10 niñas (14,57 ± 2,40 años) practicantes de pentatlón moderno. La adhesión a la dieta específica en el período de desentrenamiento fue evaluada por profesionales especializados. Al fin de las fases competitivas y de transición, fueron evaluadas la maduración sexual y las variables antropométricas. RESULTADOS: Valores porcentuales demuestran que las niñas tienden a adherir más a la dieta que los niños. Fueron observadas diferencias significativas (p < 0,05) entre los períodos solamente en el sexo masculino, en las variables masa corporal (0,003), estatura (0,000), sumatoria de pliegues cutáneos (0,033) y en la mesomorfia (0,001). CONCLUSIÓN: La masa corporal, la sumatoria de pliegues cutáneos y la mesomorfia parecen haber sufrido impacto negativo del desentrenamiento. El aumento de la estatura parece estar asociado al pico de velocidad de la estatura. En las niñas, la tendencia de adherir más a la dieta puede haber contribuido para la no identificación de alteraciones antropométricas. .

Valoración de la aptitud física en niños y adolescentes: construcción de cartas percentílicas para la región central del Perú / Evaluation of physical fitness levels in children and adolescents: establishing percentile charts for the central region of Peru

Objetivos. Establecer cartas percentílicas y valores de referencia estratificada por edad y sexo de los niveles de aptitud física (AF) en niños y adolescentes de la región central del Perú. Materiales y métodos. El tamaño de la muestra comprendió a 7843 escolares (4155 mujeres y 3688 varones) entre los seis y los diecisiete años de edad. Los niveles de aptitud física fueron evaluados mediante el uso de seis pruebas motoras provenientes de las baterías EUROFIT, FITNESSGRAM y AAPHERD. Las cartas percentílicas fueron construidas por separado para cada sexo, utilizando el método matemático LMS implementado en el programa LMSchartmaker. Resultados. Se verifica valores superiores de AF en los varones, a excepción de la prueba de flexibilidad; la AF incrementa con la edad. Conclusiones. Existe variabilidad interindividual en ambos sexos. Los valores de referencia específicos por edad y sexo pueden utilizarse para la evaluación e interpretación de los niveles de AF de niños y adolescentes de la región central del Perú. Estos hallazgos pueden ayudar en la evaluación de programas de educación física en las escuelas.

Objectives. Construct percentile charts and physical fitness (PF) reference values stratified by age and sex of children and adolescents from Peru’s central region. Materials and methods. The sample was comprised of 7,843 subjects (4,155 females and 3,688 males) between the ages of 6 to 17 years old. Physical fitness was assessed using six tests developed by EUROFIT, FITNESSGRAM and AAPHERD. Percentile charts were developed separately for males and females using the LMS method calculated with LMSchartmaker software. Results. Males showed higher PF values with the exception of flexibility; a clear increase in PF with increasing age was verified. Conclusions. Inter-individual variability in both sexes is substantial. Charts and specific reference values by age and sex may be used for the assessment and interpretation of children’s and adolescents’ PF levels in Peru’s central region. These findings may be of help to educators, public health professionals, parents, and policy-makers when assessing schools’ physical education programs.

Association between self-assessed somatotypes and symptom depression among children and adolescents / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To examine the association between self-assessed somatotypes and depression related symptoms.Methods The study sample included 5555 students aged 9 to 18 years who had attended the Physical Fitness and Health Surveillance of Chinese School Students(2010)in Chizhou city,Anhui province.Association between self-assessed somatotypes,body mass index(BMI)and depression symptom were examined.Results There was a slight consistency between self-assessed somatotypes and BMI in both boys and girls(Kappa=0.217,P=0.000; Kappa=0.203,P=0.000).Significant difference in the prevalence of depression was found among weight misperception groups in both genders(x2=145.223,P=0.000).The prevalence of umderestimation of somatotypes was significantly higher in boys than in girls,while the result was reversive on the prevalence of overestimation.Additionally,the prevalence of depression was higher in girls than in boys(x2=5.199,P=0.023).Through logistic regression,data showed that self-assessed somatotypes and miscalculated groups were significantly associated with depressive symptoms.Compared to the group that self-assessment as being normal,those students when self-assessed as being slim,overweight or obesity were more likely to be depressive,with odds ratio(ORs)as 1.255(95％CI:1.066-1.478),1.538(95％CI:1.275-1.856)and 1.713(95％ CI:1.035-2.834),respectively.Overestimated and underestimated somatotypes appeared to be risk factors causing symptoms of depression(OR=1.705,95％CI:1.382-2.105; OR=1.241,95％CI:1.059-1.454).Conclusion Slight consistency was found between self-assessed somatotypes and BMI,while the misjudged somatotypes were the risk factor related to depressive symptoms.It was suggested that life skills education should be carried out as preventive intervention approach,to improve the physical and mental health well-being of children and adolescents.

A Study on Obesity Stress and Related Factors among Female College Students

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the degree of obesity stress and analyze factors having an effect on obesity stress among college women. METHOD: The subjects were 347 female students from a university in J City. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire for general characteristics, health-related characteristics, and current and preferred somatotype. Obesity stress was measured using 10 items developed by Cho (1996) based on Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BAQ) of Ben-Tovim and Walker (1991). The survey was conducted from September 4 to September 7, 2007. Data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Spearman's rank correlation test, and stepwise multiple regression using SPSS 14.0. RESULTS: The average score of obesity stress was 2.78+/-0.90 out of 5.00. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the major factors that affect obesity stress of female college students were perceived body shape, disagreement between current and preferred somatotype, history of weight control, body mass index (BMI), and perceived health status, and these factors explained 38.4% of obesity stress. CONCLUSION: Subjective judgment in the perception of or preference for body shape was the most important factor affecting obesity stress in female college students. Therefore, a plan is necessary to mitigate obesity stress and evaluate individually subjects who perceive themselves to be fat or want to be thinner than the current somatotype. And consultation and constant management are needed to help the high risk group (experience of weight control, BMI > or =23kg/m2, not good health status).

The Study on the Relationship between IGR and the Rule about the Somatotypes of TCM with the correlative index / 中华中医药杂志

Objective:To confirm the correlations between the soma ofthe traditional Chinese Medicine and the objective index about Homeostasis model assessment-Insulin Resistance index(HOMA-IR)and the function about beta Cell ofislet(HOMA-?)with Impaired glucose regulation(IGR),to explore the basis for the syndrome ofthe traditional Chinese Medicine and insulin function.Methods:According from the epidemiological investigation,we had a Oral Glucose Tolerance Test and insulin releasing test to the 1 500 persons who came from downtown area、county、small towns、village,in accordance with the soma ofTCM,then investigate and analysis the correlations who meet the diagnosis ofIGR.Results:①In all 322 cases,each ratio ofthe group about signal soma、twice soma、three soma is 74.8%、19.5%、8.1%,Ahead somas are mild, deficiency ofQi, deficiency ofYang, deficiency ofQi and Yang,phlegmatic hygrosis.②The BMI ofmild group is higher than the deficiency ofQi,deficiency ofYang,deficiency ofQi and Yang group(P